(Ph.D., Conservation Biology; University of Minnesota) Professor Kramer has a joint appointment between James Madison College and the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife.  His research examines the social, economic, and policy aspects of conservation. Recently, he has researched the role of social capital in the stewardship activities of lake associations.  He has also used simulation models to study the effects of variations in fishermen's behavior on coral reef ecosystems.  Professor Kramer’s teaching interests include domestic and international environmental policy, sustainable development, globalization and the environment, the social-economic, and policy aspects of conservation biology, game theory, and quantitative methods.